creation
Irreducible Complexity
Biological systems that cannot evolve step-by-step.
The Evidence
Many biological systems (like the bacterial flagellum or blood clotting cascade) require multiple parts working together to function. If you remove one part, the whole system fails.
Historical Context
Darwinian evolution relies on small, successive improvements. But an irreducibly complex system has no function until all parts are present, meaning natural selection cannot build it piece by piece. The system must appear instantly and fully functional to provide any survival advantage. The bacterial flagellum is a rotary motor with a clutch, stator, and rotor—all essential.